The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC) at the University of North Carolina's Highway Safety Research Center have updated the "Toolbox of Countermeasures and Their Potential Effectiveness for Pedestrian Crashes" to include crash modification factors (CMF) – which are estimates of crash reductions – for several new treatments or countermeasures including:
- Adding new traffic signals;
- Installation of Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (HAWK signal);
- Increasing pedestrian crossing time; and
- Adding high-visibility crosswalks.
The toolbox provides estimates of pedestrian crash reductions – presented as Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) – potentially resulting from the implementation of a specific countermeasure or group of countermeasures. Some of the crash reduction estimates are specifically related to left-turn crashes, crash severities, or total crashes.