A study published in the Journal of Transport Geography evaluates public transportation mode shift in response to bike sharing.  Using survey data survey data from two Washington D.C. and Minneapolis, the article explores who is shifting toward and away from public transportation in their work commute since the implementation of bike sharing programs.  Results show that in Washington D.C., persons living on the urban periphery are shifting toward bus and rail transit, whereas those living in the urban core tend to use public transit less. In Minneapolis, the shift toward rail extends to the urban core, while the modal shift for bus transit is more dispersed. The authors conclude that bike sharing systems can significantly increase the efficiency and viability of public transportation and, more generally, multimodal transportation networks as a whole.